{ "edition": "Volume 2 illustrated working edition", "updated": "2026-10-30", "note": "Exact published source metadata retained. Display fields show the transparent abbreviations used in the book. Short footnote titles are conventional citation labels. Bibliographic links remain unchanged.", "sources": [ { "key": "james", "author": "Boris James", "title": "Arab Ethnonyms (‘Ajam, ‘Arab, Badū and Turk): The Kurdish Case as a Paradigm for Thinking about Differences in the Middle Ages", "publication": "Iranian Studies 47, no. 5 (2014), pp. 683–712", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2014.934149", "consulted_scope": "Publisher abstract, publication details and visible notes; not the complete article", "short_author": "James", "short_title": "Arab Ethnonyms" }, { "key": "conquest", "author": "Michael G. Morony", "title": "Arab ii. Arab conquest of Iran", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica II, pp. 203–210 (1986), updated 2016", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference passages on the conquest and the problems of chronology and army estimates", "short_author": "Morony", "short_title": "Arab conquest", "display_title": "Arab Conquest [title abbreviated]" }, { "key": "conversion", "author": "Elton L. Daniel", "title": "Conversion ii. Of Iranians to Islam", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica VI, pp. 229–232 (1993)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-ii/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference passages concerning fragmentary evidence and the definition of conversion", "short_author": "Daniel", "short_title": "Conversion ii. Of Iranians to Islam" }, { "key": "rawwadids", "author": "Andrew Peacock", "title": "Rawwadids", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2017)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/rawwadids/", "consulted_scope": "Published passages on the early family, later descendants, and contradictory written and numismatic chronologies", "short_author": "Andrew Peacock", "short_title": "Rawwadids" }, { "key": "annazids", "author": "Kamal Mazhar Ahmad", "title": "Annazids", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica II, pp. 97–98 (1985)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/annazids-banu-annaz-a-kurdish-dynasty-r/", "consulted_scope": "Published dynastic narrative; several printed calendar pairs are internally inconsistent", "short_author": "Ahmad", "short_title": "Annazids" }, { "key": "marwanids", "author": "Carole Hillenbrand", "title": "Marwanid Inscriptions", "publication": "In Inscriptions of the Medieval Islamic World, edited by Bernard O’Kane, A. C. S. Peacock and Mark Muehlhaeusler, Edinburgh University Press (2023), pp. 264–282; online 2025", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/inscriptions-of-the-medieval-islamic-world/marwanid-inscriptions/19BFB368F868F61E228DBF5BA52072C4", "consulted_scope": "Publisher chapter extract and publication metadata; not the complete chapter", "short_author": "Carole Hillenbrand", "short_title": "Marwanid Inscriptions" }, { "key": "shaddadids", "author": "Andrew Peacock", "title": "Shaddadids", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2000), updated 2013", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaddadids/", "consulted_scope": "Published dynastic narrative, source discussion and sections on Ganja and Ani", "short_author": "Andrew Peacock", "short_title": "Shaddadids" }, { "key": "badrstudy", "author": "Hamza Kaka Yaseen", "title": "The Internal and External Relations of the Hasanwayhid Emirate during the Rule of Badr ibn Hasanwayh (369–405 AH/979–1014 CE)", "publication": "IIUM Journal of Religion and Civilisational Studies 7, no. 2 (2024), pp. 175–184", "url": "https://doi.org/10.31436/ijrcs.v7i2.336", "consulted_scope": "Publisher abstract, citation details and relevant passages in the publicly available article PDF, especially p. 177", "short_author": "Yaseen", "short_title": "Hasanwayhid Emirate under Badr" }, { "key": "badrcoin", "author": "The David Collection", "title": "Hasanwayhid gold coin of Badr ibn Hasanwayh, historical commentary", "publication": "Collection catalogue, Samanid coin series, no. 19", "url": "https://legacy.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/samanids/coins/c199?show=comment", "consulted_scope": "Museum object commentary", "short_author": "David Collection", "short_title": "Gold coin of Badr ibn Hasanwayh" }, { "key": "jebal", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Jebal", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. XIV, Fas.c 6, pp. 617-618 (2008)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jebal/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-geography.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Jebal" }, { "key": "dinavar", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Dinavar", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VII, Fasc. 4, pp. 416-417 (1995)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dinavar/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-scholars-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Dinavar" }, { "key": "kermanshah", "author": "Jean Calmard", "title": "Kermanshah iv History to 1953", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. XVI, Fasc. 3, pp. 319-324 (2017)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-04-history-to-1953/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in read-context-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Jean Calmard", "short_title": "Kermanshah iv History to 1953" }, { "key": "nehavand", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Nehavand", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2000)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nehavand/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2cityresearch.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Nehavand" }, { "key": "abbasid", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Abbasid Caliphate", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pp. 89-95 (1982)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbasid-caliphate/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in read-context-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Abbasid Caliphate" }, { "key": "buyids", "author": "Tilman Nagel", "title": "Buyids", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pp. 578-586 (1990)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in read-context-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Tilman Nagel", "short_title": "Buyids" }, { "key": "jezya", "author": "Vera Basch Moreen", "title": "Jezya", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. XIV, Fasc. 6, pp. 643-645 (2008)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jezya/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in refresh-2026-10-29-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Moreen", "short_title": "Jezya" }, { "key": "eqta", "author": "Ann K. S. Lambton", "title": "Eqta", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5, pp. 520-533 (1998)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eqta/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-context-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Lambton", "short_title": "Eqta" }, { "key": "khutba", "author": "Tahera Qutbuddin", "title": "Khotba", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2000)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kotba-sermon/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2heritage.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Tahera Qutbuddin", "short_title": "Khotba" }, { "key": "dehqan", "author": "Aḥmad Tafażżolī", "title": "Dehqan", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VII, Fasc. 2, pp. 223-224 and Vol. VII, Fasc. 3, p. 225-226 (1994)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dehqan/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in refresh-2026-10-29-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Aḥmad Tafażżolī", "short_title": "Dehqan" }, { "key": "kharijites", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Kharijites in Persia", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2009)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kharijites-in-persia/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in read-context-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Kharijites in Persia" }, { "key": "abumuslim", "author": "Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī", "title": "Abu Moslem Khorasani", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. I, Fasc. 4, pp. 341-344 (1983)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-context-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī", "short_title": "Abu Moslem Khorasani" }, { "key": "baladhuribio", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Baladhori", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. III, Fasc. 5, pp. 570-571 (1988)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baladori-abul-hasan/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-scholars-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Baladhori" }, { "key": "akhbar", "author": "Clifford Edmund Bosworth", "title": "Akhbar al Tewal", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. I, Fasc. 7, pp. 715-716 (1984)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akbar-al-tewal-ketab-al/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in refresh-2026-10-29-2.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bosworth", "short_title": "Akhbar al Tewal" }, { "key": "dinavari", "author": "Charles Pellat", "title": "Dinavari Abu Hanifa Ahmad", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VII, Fasc. 4, p. 417 (1995)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in refresh-2026-10-29-2.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Charles Pellat", "short_title": "Dinavari Abu Hanifa Ahmad" }, { "key": "istakhri", "author": "Oleg G. Bolshakov", "title": "Estakhri Abu Eshaq Ebrahim", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pp. 646-647 (1998)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/estakri-abu-eshaq-ebrahim/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-scholars-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bolshakov", "short_title": "Estakhri Abu Eshaq Ebrahim" }, { "key": "hawqal", "author": "Oleg G. Bolshakov", "title": "Ebn Hawqal", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (1997)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-hawqal/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-scholars-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Bolshakov", "short_title": "Ebn Hawqal" }, { "key": "asadi", "author": "Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh", "title": "Asadi Tusi", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (1987)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asadi-tusi/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2deep1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh", "short_title": "Asadi Tusi" }, { "key": "babataher", "author": "Laurence Paul Elwell-Sutton", "title": "Baba Taher Oryan", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. III, Fasc. 3, pp. 296-297 (1988)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baba-taher-oryan/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2deep4.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Elwell-Sutton", "short_title": "Baba Taher Oryan" }, { "key": "khanqah", "author": "Gerhard Böwering Matthew Melvin-Koushki", "title": "Khanaqah", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. XV, Fasc. 5, pp. 456-466 (2010)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kanaqah/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2art2.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Melvin-Koushki", "short_title": "Khanaqah" }, { "key": "stanzaic", "author": "Gabrielle van den Berg", "title": "Stanzaic Poetry", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/stanzaic-poetry/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2deep0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Berg", "short_title": "Stanzaic Poetry" }, { "key": "dictionaries", "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "title": "Dictionaries i Persian dictionaries", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dictionaries/dictionaries-i-persian-dictionaries/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2deep1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "short_title": "Dictionaries i Persian dictionaries" }, { "key": "azerbaijan", "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "title": "Azerbaijan iv Islamic History to 1941", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-marwanids.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica", "short_title": "Azerbaijan iv Islamic History to 1941" }, { "key": "dvin", "author": "Erich Kettenhofen", "title": "Dvin", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VII, Fasc. 6, pp. 616-619 (1996)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dvin/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in v2deep2.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Erich Kettenhofen", "short_title": "Dvin" }, { "key": "malikshah", "author": "David Durand-Guédy", "title": "Malekshah", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2000)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maleksah/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-seljuks-0.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "David Durand-Guédy", "short_title": "Malekshah" }, { "key": "siyasa", "author": "Neguin Yavari", "title": "Siar al Moluk", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2015)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/siar-al-moluk/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in refresh-2026-10-29-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Neguin Yavari", "short_title": "Siar al Moluk" }, { "key": "shirazi", "author": "Wilferd Madelung", "title": "Abu Eshaq al Shirazi", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. I, Fasc. 3, pp. 280-282 (1983)", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-eshaq-al-sirazi-ebrahim-b/", "consulted_scope": "Published reference text or relevant extract recorded in discovery-seljuks-1.txt; no claim of complete access to works cited by that entry.", "short_author": "Wilferd Madelung", "short_title": "Abu Eshaq al Shirazi" }, { "key": "baladhuri2", "author": "Ahmad ibn Yahya al Baladhuri, translated by Francis Clark Murgotten", "title": "The Origins of the Islamic State Volume II", "url": "https://uodiyala.edu.iq/uploads/PDF%20ELIBRARY%20UODIYALA/EL45/origins%20of%20the%20islam%20Al-Baladhri%20%20v2.pdf", "publication": "Columbia University (1924), especially pp. 19–36", "consulted_scope": "Downloaded scan; the named chapters and printed page references were consulted, including Mosul and Shahrazur. The chronicle records traditions compiled after the events.", "short_author": "al-Baladhuri, trans. Murgotten", "short_title": "Origins of the Islamic State II" }, { "key": "diyarbakir", "author": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "title": "Diyarbakir Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1488/", "publication": "World Heritage property 1488", "consulted_scope": "Official description and statement of outstanding universal value; no inference that all surviving fabric is Marwanid.", "short_author": "UNESCO", "short_title": "Diyarbakir Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape" }, { "key": "ani", "author": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "title": "Archaeological Site of Ani", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1518/", "publication": "World Heritage property 1518", "consulted_scope": "Official description of the medieval city and its successive communities and rulers.", "short_author": "UNESCO", "short_title": "Archaeological Site of Ani" }, { "key": "metabbasid", "author": "Suzan Yalman, based on original work by Linda Komaroff", "title": "The Art of the Abbasid Period 750–1258", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-abbasid-period-750-1258", "publication": "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (2001)", "consulted_scope": "Museum essay; chronology and material culture, with its broad generalisations not applied automatically to Kurdish communities.", "short_author": "Yalman and Komaroff", "short_title": "Art of the Abbasid Period" }, { "key": "metseljuk", "author": "Suzan Yalman, based on original work by Linda Komaroff", "title": "The Art of the Seljuqs of Iran circa 1040–1157", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-seljuqs-of-iran-ca-1040-1196", "publication": "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (2001)", "consulted_scope": "Museum essay, including the distinction between political reign dates and the wider artistic label Seljuq.", "short_author": "Yalman and Komaroff", "short_title": "Art of the Seljuqs", "display_title": "The Art of the Seljuqs circa 1040–1157 [title abbreviated]" }, { "key": "zangids", "author": "Museum With No Frontiers", "title": "Zangids The Atabegs of Mosul", "url": "https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/dynasty.php?id=27", "publication": "Discover Islamic Art dynasty catalogue", "consulted_scope": "Museum consortium overview; checked for the 1127 foundation and 1146 division, not used as authority for every calendar pair.", "short_author": "Museum With No Frontiers", "short_title": "Zangids The Atabegs of Mosul" }, { "key": "ayyubids", "author": "R. Stephen Humphreys", "title": "Ayyubids", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyubids/", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica III, pp. 164–167 (1987)", "consulted_scope": "Published reference passages on the family, Dvin, military service and the transition to Egypt. Year 564 AH straddles 1168–69; appointment in Egypt is stated as 1169.", "short_author": "Humphreys", "short_title": "Ayyubids" }, { "key": "yazidis", "author": "Christine Allison", "title": "Yazidis i General", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis/yazidis-i-general-1/", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica (2004; updated 2017)", "consulted_scope": "Published reference extract; used only for the complex formation of the tradition, not current population figures.", "short_author": "Christine Allison", "short_title": "Yazidis i General" }, { "key": "opengin", "author": "Ergin Öpengin", "title": "The History of Kurdish and the Development of Literary Kurmanji", "publication": "In Hamit Bozarslan, Cengiz Gunes and Veli Yadirgi, eds., The Cambridge History of the Kurds (2021), pp. 603–632", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108623711.025", "consulted_scope": "Previously consulted publisher material and relevant extracts, as recorded during Volume 1; not the full book chapter.", "short_author": "Ergin Öpengin", "short_title": "The History of Kurdish and the Development of Literary Kurmanji" }, { "key": "metbowl", "author": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "title": "Bowl with Green Splashes (accession 30.112.46)", "publication": "9th century; collection catalogue", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/448539", "consulted_scope": "Museum collection record and public API metadata, including date, attribution, materials and rights.", "short_author": "Metropolitan Museum", "short_title": "Bowl, 30.112.46" }, { "key": "metbronze", "author": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "title": "Ewer with Inscriptions and Hunting Scenes (accession 38.40.240)", "publication": "11th century; collection catalogue", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/449450", "consulted_scope": "Museum collection record and public API metadata, including date, attribution, materials and rights.", "short_author": "Metropolitan Museum", "short_title": "Ewer, 38.40.240" }, { "key": "metturquoise", "author": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "title": "Bowl with Polychrome Decoration on a Black Slip Ground (accession 38.40.120)", "publication": "10th century; collection catalogue", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/449332", "consulted_scope": "Museum collection record and public API metadata, including date, attribution, materials and rights.", "short_author": "Metropolitan Museum", "short_title": "Bowl, 38.40.120" }, { "key": "metpanel", "author": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "title": "Panel (accession 30.112.8)", "publication": "8th–9th century; collection catalogue", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/448504", "consulted_scope": "Museum collection record and public API metadata, including date, attribution, materials and rights.", "short_author": "Metropolitan Museum", "short_title": "Panel, 30.112.8" }, { "key": "marwanarchitecture", "author": "Birgül Açıkyıldız", "title": "Marwanids and Their Architectural Patronage in Upper Mesopotamia (983–1085 CE)", "publication": "Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8.2 (2025), pp. 707–733", "url": "https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1731499", "consulted_scope": "Publisher abstract and selected full PDF passages on urban water provision and the Tigris Bridge, including the differing chronicle and inscription dates; no photographs reproduced.", "short_author": "Açıkyıldız", "short_title": "Marwanid Architectural Patronage" }, { "key": "marwantdv", "author": "Abdürrahim Tufantoz", "title": "Mervaniler", "publication": "TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi 29 (2004), pp. 230–232", "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mervaniler--diyarbakir", "consulted_scope": "Published entry, especially the ruler sequence and scholarly institutions; broad claims about collective religious affiliation not adopted.", "short_author": "Tufantoz", "short_title": "Mervaniler" }, { "key": "metayyubid", "author": "Suzan Yalman, based on original work by Linda Komaroff", "title": "The Art of the Ayyubid Period circa 1171–1260", "publication": "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (2001)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-ayyubid-period-ca-1171-1260", "consulted_scope": "Museum essay for the end of the Fatimid caliphate in 1171 and the opening of Ayyubid rule.", "short_author": "Yalman and Komaroff", "short_title": "Art of the Ayyubid Period" } ] }