{ "volume": 4, "date": "2026-10-31", "sources": { "james": { "author": "Boris James", "title": "The Rise and Fall of the Kurdish Emirates (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)", "publication": "The Cambridge History of the Kurds, 2021, pp. 25–44", "url": "https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781108674072_A45555143/preview-9781108674072_A45555143.pdf", "consulted_scope": "Publisher-distributed preview downloaded; chapter 1 consulted, especially dynastic institutions, geography and historiography.", "short_author": "James", "short_title": "Rise and Fall of the Kurdish Emirates", "display_title": "Rise and Fall of the Kurdish Emirates [title abbreviated]" }, "atmaca": { "author": "Metin Atmaca", "title": "Negotiating Political Power in the Early Modern Middle East: Kurdish Emirates between the Ottoman Empire and Iranian Dynasties (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)", "publication": "The Cambridge History of the Kurds, 2021, pp. 45–72; preview contains pp. 45–67", "url": "https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781108674072_A45555143/preview-9781108674072_A45555143.pdf", "consulted_scope": "Publisher-distributed preview; printed pp. 45–67 read. The remaining bibliography pages and the following chapter are not in the preview. Used for discrete chronology and institutional facts, not copied prose.", "short_author": "Atmaca", "short_title": "Negotiating Political Power", "display_title": "Negotiating Political Power [title abbreviated]" }, "ates-autonomy": { "author": "Sabri Ateş", "title": "The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire", "publication": "The Cambridge History of the Kurds, 2021, pp. 73–103", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-the-kurds/end-of-kurdish-autonomy/9FA3CB919480C3748DA40C082FC2E5BF", "consulted_scope": "Publisher summary and contents only; supports broad indirect-rule framework. No claim to have consulted the full chapter.", "short_author": "Ateş", "short_title": "End of Kurdish Autonomy", "display_title": "End of Kurdish Autonomy [title abbreviated]" }, "rich": { "author": "Claudius James Rich", "title": "Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh", "publication": "London: James Duncan, 1836, vol. I, journal of the 1820 residence", "url": "https://archive.org/details/narrativearesid01richgoog", "consulted_scope": "Public-domain scan OCR downloaded. Selected chapters II–IV, X–XII on Baban court, towns, agriculture, commerce, social life and route observations. Locator chapters and journal episodes, not invented OCR page numbers. British official and elite-hosted observer; claims are situated rather than treated as a social census.", "short_author": "Rich", "short_title": "Residence in Koordistan, vol. I", "display_title": "Residence in Koordistan, vol. I [title abbreviated]" }, "layard": { "author": "Austen Henry Layard", "title": "Nineveh and its Remains", "publication": "London: John Murray, 1849, vol. I, third edition; Smithsonian digitisation", "url": "https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/ninevehitsremaiv118laya", "consulted_scope": "Public-domain full OCR downloaded from linked Internet Archive item. Chapters VI–IX consulted selectively, especially mountain journey, Assyrian villages, 1843/1846 attacks and 1847 campaign. Old terminology and unverified casualty totals not adopted.", "short_author": "Layard", "short_title": "Nineveh and its Remains, vol. I", "display_title": "Nineveh and its Remains, vol. I [title abbreviated]" }, "layard2": { "author": "Austen Henry Layard", "title": "Discoveries Among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon", "publication": "New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853; abridged narrative, Project Gutenberg 39897", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39897", "consulted_scope": "Public-domain full HTML downloaded. Selected Kurdistan travel passages, villages, labour, inscriptions and Amadiya; not used as a neutral account of local politics.", "short_author": "Layard", "short_title": "Discoveries", "display_title": "Discoveries [title abbreviated]" }, "bell": { "author": "Gertrude Lowthian Bell", "title": "Amurath to Amurath", "publication": "London: William Heinemann, 1911; Project Gutenberg 52495", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52495", "consulted_scope": "Public-domain full HTML downloaded. Selected 1909 route passages on upper Mesopotamia, Mardin, Ba’adri, Lalish and Zakho. Colonial observer’s perspective explicitly distinguished from local voices.", "short_author": "Bell", "short_title": "Amurath to Amurath" }, "sharaf": { "author": "Erika Glassen", "title": "BEDLĪSĪ, ŠARAF-AL-DĪN KHAN", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica IV/1, 1989, pp. 76–77; online revision 2013", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bedlisi-saraf-al-din-khan-b/", "consulted_scope": "Full online biographical entry. Internal AH/CE and edition-date inconsistencies not repeated.", "short_author": "Glassen", "short_title": "Sharaf al-Din Khan of Bitlis", "display_title": "Sharaf al-Din Khan of Bitlis [title abbreviated]" }, "baban": { "author": "Wolfgang Behn", "title": "BĀBĀN DYNASTY", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica III/3, 1988, p. 307; online revision 2018", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baban-2/", "consulted_scope": "Full online article. Conflicting capital-founding attribution not adopted; broad 1780s formulation retained. Differentiates 1847 loss of autonomous status from 1851 final dismissal.", "short_author": "Behn", "short_title": "Baban dynasty", "display_title": "Baban dynasty [title abbreviated]" }, "ardalan": { "author": "Pierre Oberling", "title": "BANĪ ARDALĀN", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica III/7, 1988, pp. 693–694; online revision 2016", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bani-ardalan-a-kurdish-tribe-of-northwestern-iran-now-dispersed-in-sanandaj-senna-and-surrounding-villages/", "consulted_scope": "Historical portions of online entry; dynastic genealogy is reported as a claim.", "short_author": "Oberling", "short_title": "Bani Ardalan", "display_title": "Bani Ardalan [title abbreviated]" }, "bradost": { "author": "Amir Hassanpour", "title": "BARĀDŪST", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica III/7, 1988, pp. 739–740; online revision 2016", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baradust-kurdish-bradost-name-of-kurdish-tribe-region-mountain-range-river-and-amirate/", "consulted_scope": "Full online entry, especially early principality, Dimdim and changing loyalties. Its simplified frontier description qualified by later boundary history.", "short_author": "Hassanpour", "short_title": "Bradost", "display_title": "Bradost [title abbreviated]" }, "khani": { "author": "Farhad Shakely", "title": "AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2002; online revision 2017", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-kani/", "consulted_scope": "Full biographical entry; vocabulary 1683 and Mem û Zîn 1694. Its national interpretation is presented as an interpretation, not a claim that a modern party already existed.", "short_author": "Shakely", "short_title": "Ehmedê Xanî", "display_title": "Ehmedê Xanî [title abbreviated]" }, "literature": { "author": "Philip G. Kreyenbroek", "title": "KURDISH WRITTEN LITERATURE", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2005; online revision 2018", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-written-literature/", "consulted_scope": "Pre-1918 literary sections consulted; uncertainty about early poets, literary Kurmanji, Gorani and Sorani. Conflicting birth dates for Koyi and erroneous later press dates not silently adopted.", "short_author": "Kreyenbroek", "short_title": "Kurdish written literature", "display_title": "Kurdish written literature [title abbreviated]" }, "medrese": { "author": "Martin van Bruinessen", "title": "The Kurdish Medrese in Ottoman and Republican Times", "publication": "The Oxford Handbook of Religion in Modern Turkey, 2024, pp. 72–89", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/55832/chapter-abstract/441367224", "consulted_scope": "Publisher abstract only, for Kurdish medrese tradition and legal-school distinction. Full chapter not consulted.", "short_author": "van Bruinessen", "short_title": "Kurdish medrese", "display_title": "Kurdish medrese [title abbreviated]", "display_publication": "Oxford Handbook chapter, 2024, pp. 72–89 [host title abbreviated]" }, "tribes": { "author": "Martin van Bruinessen", "title": "Tribes and ethnic identity", "publication": "In Faleh A. Jabar and Renad Mansour, eds., The Kurds in a Changing Middle East, 2019, pp. 141–170", "url": "https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/420966/1/Bruinessen_Tribes_and_ethnic_identity_pre_publication.pdf", "consulted_scope": "Repository-indexed accepted manuscript passages on tribe-state relations and Hamidiye; access was partial. Not a reading of every page or the complete 1992 monograph.", "short_author": "van Bruinessen", "short_title": "Tribes and ethnic identity" }, "ubeydullah": { "author": "Sabri Ateş", "title": "In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880–81", "publication": "Iranian Studies 47/5, 2014, pp. 735–798; online platform record 2022", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/abs/in-the-name-of-the-caliph-and-the-nation-the-sheikh-ubeidullah-rebellion-of-188081/55EC32F7E594B7087BE0E072F04F1DAB", "consulted_scope": "Publisher abstract and visible notes consulted. Use limited to the 1880–81 sequence and plurality of religious, dynastic and national motivations; not complete article.", "short_author": "Ateş", "short_title": "Sheikh Ubeidullah rebellion", "display_title": "Sheikh Ubeidullah rebellion [title abbreviated]" }, "klein": { "author": "Janet Klein", "title": "The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone", "publication": "Stanford University Press, 2011", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/stanford-scholarship-online/book/29674", "consulted_scope": "Publisher-hosted abstract and bibliographic information on Oxford Academic; full monograph not consulted. Used for broad institutional purpose and recommended further study.", "short_author": "Klein", "short_title": "Margins of Empire", "display_title": "Margins of Empire [title abbreviated]" }, "bajalan": { "author": "Djene Rhys Bajalan", "title": "Kurdish responses to imperial decline: The Kurdish movement and the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans (1878 to 1913)", "publication": "Kurdish Studies 7/1, 2019, pp. 51–71; original PDF DOI 10.33182/ks.v7i1.481", "url": "https://kurdishstudies.net/menu-script/index.php/KS/article/view/164", "consulted_scope": "Full journal PDF downloaded and selected passages read. Original 2019 bibliographic details retained; migrated page/reprint metadata differs. Used for discrete examples of overlapping loyalties and political organisations.", "short_author": "Bajalan", "short_title": "Kurdish responses to imperial decline", "display_title": "Kurdish responses to imperial decline [title abbreviated]" }, "ungor": { "author": "Uğur Ümit Üngör", "title": "Young Turk Social Engineering: Mass Violence and the Nation State in Eastern Turkey, 1913–1950", "publication": "University of Amsterdam, doctoral thesis, 2009", "url": "https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867109/65674_thesis.pdf", "consulted_scope": "Repository PDF downloaded for individual consultation; selected pre-1918 passages in chapters 2, 3 and chapter 5, pp. 215–230. No source PDF redistributed; no modern-period claims imported into the Ottoman narrative.", "short_author": "Üngör", "short_title": "Social Engineering", "display_title": "Social Engineering [title abbreviated]" }, "ushmm": { "author": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "title": "The Armenian Genocide", "publication": "Museum historical overview", "url": "https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/armenia", "consulted_scope": "Museum overview consulted for genocide 1915–1916 and deliberate lethal policy. No single precise death total asserted.", "short_author": "Holocaust Memorial Museum", "short_title": "Armenian genocide", "display_title": "Armenian genocide [title abbreviated]" }, "kevorkian": { "author": "Raymond H. Kévorkian", "title": "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915–1916)", "publication": "Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance, 2008", "url": "https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/extermination-ottoman-armenians-young-turk-regime-1915-1916.html", "consulted_scope": "Academic overview consulted for political responsibility and regional processes. Limited paraphrase, no extended quotation.", "short_author": "Kévorkian", "short_title": "Extermination of Ottoman Armenians", "display_title": "Extermination of Ottoman Armenians [title abbreviated]" }, "qdl": { "author": "Dan McKee", "title": "Anglo-Kurdish Relations during the Mesopotamia Campaign (1914–1918)", "publication": "Qatar Digital Library / British Library, 31 May 2022", "url": "https://qdl.qa/anglo-kurdish-relations-during-mesopotamia-campaign-1914-1918", "consulted_scope": "Full archive guide read; linked war-diary references identified. British intelligence claims remain attributed; not presented as a reading of every entire diary volume.", "short_author": "McKee", "short_title": "Anglo-Kurdish relations", "display_title": "Anglo-Kurdish relations [title abbreviated]" }, "berlin": { "author": "UK Parliament", "title": "Treaty of Berlin", "publication": "House of Commons, 2 April 1895, historical Hansard", "url": "https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1895-04-02/debates/4695d244-a1f0-49bb-bc80-0b1658da6ec4/TreatyOfBerlin", "consulted_scope": "Complete exchange consulted; confirms parliamentary circulation and special Armenian article 61. Does not reproduce treaty or establish implementation.", "short_author": "Hansard", "short_title": "Treaty of Berlin exchange", "display_title": "Treaty of Berlin exchange [title abbreviated]" }, "reform": { "author": "Joel Beinin", "title": "Ottoman reform and European imperialism, 1839–1907", "publication": "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 44–70", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/workers-and-peasants-in-the-modern-middle-east/ottoman-reform-and-european-imperialism-18391907/CB0C0938A39820F7BA88C52FC2950B45", "consulted_scope": "Publisher chapter summary; dates of major reform proclamations and broad programme only. Full chapter not consulted. Policy aims not equated with uniform enforcement.", "short_author": "Beinin", "short_title": "Ottoman reform", "display_title": "Ottoman reform [title abbreviated]" }, "bell42": { "author": "Newcastle University Special Collections", "title": "Photograph taken by Gertrude Bell in Iraq, May 1909", "publication": "Gertrude Bell Archive, GB/3/1/13/1/42, May 1909", "url": "https://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/p/GB-3-1-13-1-42", "consulted_scope": "Individual archive item and IIIF manifest consulted; dates, description, attribution and CC BY-SA 4.0 link checked. Full original metadata retained separately.", "short_author": "Gertrude Bell Archive", "short_title": "The house of Mîr Ali Beg at Ba’adri", "display_title": "The house of Mîr Ali Beg at Ba’adri [title abbreviated]" }, "bell47": { "author": "Newcastle University Special Collections", "title": "Photograph taken by Gertrude Bell in Iraq, May 1909", "publication": "Gertrude Bell Archive, GB/3/1/13/1/47, May 1909", "url": "https://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/p/GB-3-1-13-1-47", "consulted_scope": "Individual archive item and IIIF manifest consulted; dates, description, attribution and CC BY-SA 4.0 link checked. Full original metadata retained separately.", "short_author": "Gertrude Bell Archive", "short_title": "The sanctuary at Lalish", "display_title": "The sanctuary at Lalish [title abbreviated]" }, "bell68": { "author": "Newcastle University Special Collections", "title": "Photograph taken by Gertrude Bell in Iraq, May 1909", "publication": "Gertrude Bell Archive, GB/3/1/13/1/68, May 1909", "url": "https://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/p/GB-3-1-13-1-68", "consulted_scope": "Individual archive item and IIIF manifest consulted; dates, description, attribution and CC BY-SA 4.0 link checked. Full original metadata retained separately.", "short_author": "Gertrude Bell Archive", "short_title": "A window detail at Zakho fort", "display_title": "A window detail at Zakho fort [title abbreviated]" }, "dimdim": { "author": "Amir Hassanpour", "title": "DIMDIM", "publication": "Encyclopaedia Iranica VII/4, 1995, pp. 404–405; online revision 2013", "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dimdim/", "consulted_scope": "Full online article read; supports November 1609–summer 1610 siege, repression and later epic traditions.", "short_author": "Hassanpour", "short_title": "Dimdim", "display_title": "Dimdim [title abbreviated]" }, "bedir-exile": { "author": "Ahmet Kardam", "title": "Emir Bedir Khan: Exile Years", "publication": "Studia Kurdica, online article", "url": "https://www.etudeskurdes.org/article/emir-bedir-khan-exile-years/", "consulted_scope": "Published article sections on surrender and exile; no claim to have checked the author’s underlying archival files.", "short_author": "Kardam", "short_title": "Emir Bedir Khan, exile years", "display_title": "Emir Bedir Khan, exile years [title abbreviated]" }, "hevi": { "author": "Djene Rhys Bajalan", "title": "Between Conformism and Separatism: A Kurdish Students’ Association in Istanbul, 1912 to 1914", "publication": "Middle Eastern Studies 49/5, 2013, pp. 805–823", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.811655", "consulted_scope": "Publisher abstract consulted for founding in 1912 and interpretation of a youth-led organisation. Full article not consulted.", "short_author": "Bajalan", "short_title": "Kurdish Students’ Association", "display_title": "Kurdish Students’ Association [title abbreviated]" }, "gaunt": { "author": "David Gaunt, Naures Atto and Soner O. Barthoma", "title": "Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War", "publication": "Introduction to Let Them Not Return, Berghahn Books, 2017, publisher excerpt", "url": "https://www.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/GauntLet_intro.pdf", "consulted_scope": "Publisher introduction consulted; brief use for Assyrian genocide and diversity of church communities. Full edited collection not consulted.", "short_author": "Gaunt, Atto and Barthoma", "short_title": "Contextualizing the Sayfo", "display_title": "Contextualizing the Sayfo [title abbreviated]" }, "morgenthau": { "author": "Henry Morgenthau", "title": "Telegram to the Secretary of State, 10 July 1915", "publication": "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1915, Supplement, document 1400", "url": "https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1915Supp/d1400", "consulted_scope": "Complete official diplomatic telegram read; contemporary report of systematic deportation and killing directed from the capital. Summarised, not quoted as direct personal observation of each provincial event.", "short_author": "Morgenthau", "short_title": "Telegram, 10 July 1915", "display_title": "Telegram, 10 July 1915 [title abbreviated]" }, "relief": { "author": "Frank L. Polk", "title": "Telegram to Henry Morgenthau, 22 September 1915", "publication": "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1915, Supplement, document 1411", "url": "https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1915Supp/d1411", "consulted_scope": "Complete official telegram read; proposed emergency relief funding and practical assistance.", "short_author": "Polk", "short_title": "Telegram, 22 September 1915", "display_title": "Telegram, 22 September 1915 [title abbreviated]" }, "mesopotamia": { "author": "National Army Museum", "title": "Mesopotamia campaign", "publication": "Museum historical overview and collection caption for Baghdad, 11 March 1917", "url": "https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/mesopotamia-campaign", "consulted_scope": "Campaign overview consulted for Basra 1914, Kut 1916 and Baghdad 1917. No image reproduced; numerical losses and force estimates not adopted.", "short_author": "National Army Museum", "short_title": "Mesopotamia campaign" }, "mudros": { "author": "National Army Museum", "title": "First World War timeline: Ottoman Empire signs armistice with Allies", "publication": "Museum timeline, 30 October 1918", "url": "https://ww1.nam.ac.uk/timeline/", "consulted_scope": "Dated timeline entry checked for Mudros; not used as the complete legal text of the armistice.", "short_author": "National Army Museum", "short_title": "Mudros timeline entry", "display_title": "Mudros timeline entry [title abbreviated]" }, "lansing": { "author": "Robert Lansing", "title": "Communication to the Spanish Ambassador, 31 October 1918", "publication": "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918, Supplement 1, vol. I, document 356", "url": "https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1918Supp01v01/d356", "consulted_scope": "Complete official letter read; Ottoman request for peace negotiations on the basis of Wilson’s programme and a general armistice. It is not a guarantee of a specific Kurdish state.", "short_author": "Lansing", "short_title": "Letter, 31 October 1918", "display_title": "Letter, 31 October 1918 [title abbreviated]" }, "soran": { "author": "Amanj Ahmad Mustafa", "title": "Otamans Empire toward Soran Emirat during the authority amir Muhammed of Rowandiz (1813-1836)", "publication": "Twejer Journal 2/3, 2019, pp. 339–374; DOI 10.31918/twejer.1923.10", "url": "https://journals.soran.edu.iq/index.php/Twejer/en/article/view/82", "consulted_scope": "University journal English abstract and stated chronological scope read; Kurdish full PDF identified but not represented as fully translated. Supports Soran’s confrontation with Mosul officials and the 1836 turning point. Original published title retained in register.", "short_author": "Mustafa", "short_title": "Ottoman policy toward Soran", "display_title": "Ottoman policy toward Soran [title abbreviated]" } }, "note": "Consulted scope is specific to each record; original source metadata is preserved. Publisher summaries do not establish consultation of a full book." }