Al-Adil II: The Brief Kurdish Sultan Who Lost Egypt
Al-Adil II, Kurdish Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt 1238-1240, was the son of Al-Kamil whose brief incompetent reign ended when he was deposed by his brother As-Salih Ayyub.
Read article →Kurdish History Journal
Kurdish Icons
Articles filed under Kurdish Icons.
Al-Kamil: Kurdish Sultan of Egypt Who Negotiated Jerusalem with Frederick II
Al-Kamil, Kurdish Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt 1218-1238, defeated the Fifth Crusade and controversially handed Jerusalem to Frederick II via the Treaty of Jaffa in 1229.
Read article →Al-Mu'azzam Isa: Kurdish Ayyubid Governor of Damascus and Defender of Jerusalem
Al-Mu'azzam Isa, son of Al-Adil I, ruled Damascus for the Kurdish Ayyubid Empire and controversially demolished Jerusalem's walls in 1219 to deny them to the Fifth Crusade.
Read article →Al-Ashraf Musa: Kurdish Ayyubid Lord of the Jazira and Sultan of Damascus
Al-Ashraf Musa, son of Al-Adil I, was a Kurdish Ayyubid ruler who controlled the Jazira region and became Sultan of Damascus in 1229, a poet and patron of the Kurdish Empire.
Read article →Az-Zahir Ghazi: Kurdish Emir of Aleppo and Son of Saladin
Az-Zahir Ghazi (1172-1216), Kurdish Ayyubid son of Saladin, ruled Aleppo for 30 years as a builder, diplomat and warrior who made the city a jewel of the Kurdish Empire.
Read article →Al-Adil I: The Kurdish Sultan Who Unified the Ayyubid Empire
Al-Adil I (Saphadin), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria 1200-1218, brother of Saladin who saved and unified the Kurdish Ayyubid Empire after its near collapse.
Read article →Al-Aziz Uthman: Ayyubid Kurdish Sultan of Egypt
Al-Aziz Uthman (c. 1172–1198 CE) was Saladin's son and first independent Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. Discover his role in the Kurdish Empire's post-Saladin transition.
Read article →Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din: Saladin's Son and First Ruler of Damascus
Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din (c. 1169–1225 CE) was Saladin's eldest son and first Ayyubid ruler of Damascus. Discover his role in the Kurdish Empire's post-Saladin transition.
Read article →Saladin: The Kurdish Sultan Who Reclaimed Jerusalem and Founded an Empire
Saladin (1137–1193 CE) was the Kurdish founder of the Ayyubid Empire — the pinnacle of Kurdish geopolitical supremacy. He recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 and built an empire spanning Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and beyond.
Read article →Najm ad-Din Ayyub: The Kurdish Father Who Named an Empire
Najm ad-Din Ayyub was the Kurdish father of Saladin and the man whose name defines the Ayyubid Kurdish Empire. Discover the patriarch of history's greatest Kurdish dynasty.
Read article →Shirkuh: The Kurdish Lion Who Conquered Egypt for Saladin
Shirkuh (d. 1169 CE) was the Hadhbani Kurdish uncle of Saladin whose conquest of Egypt made the Ayyubid Kurdish Empire possible. Discover the Lion of the Mountain.
Read article →Sultan ibn Mahmud: Last Ruler of the Shaddadid Kurdish Dynasty
Sultan ibn Mahmud (r. 1174–c.1199 CE) was the last ruler of the Kurdish Shaddadid dynasty, closing 248 years of Kurdish governance in Transcaucasia. Discover the final chapter.
Read article →Shahanshah ibn Mahmud: Shaddadid Kurdish Emir of Ani's Final Generation
Shahanshah ibn Mahmud (1164–1174 CE) was a Shaddadid Kurdish emir whose name — 'King of Kings' — echoed ancient Iranian imperial tradition. Discover his place in Kurdish history.
Read article →Fadl V (Fadl ibn Mahmud): Shaddadid Kurdish Emir of the Dynasty's Final Era
Fadl V ibn Mahmud (1155–1161 CE) was a Shaddadid Kurdish emir who continued the dynasty after Fakr al-Din Shaddad. Discover his place in the closing chapters of this great Kurdish dynasty.
Read article →Fadl IV: Shaddadid Kurdish Ruler After the Fall of Ani
Fadl IV (1125–1130 CE) was a Shaddadid Kurdish ruler who continued the dynasty after the loss of Ani to Georgian forces. Discover his place in Kurdish Caucasus history.
Read article →Fakr al-Din Shaddad: Kurdish Emir and Longest Post-Ani Shaddadid Ruler
Fakr al-Din Shaddad (1131–1155 CE) was the longest-reigning Shaddadid Kurdish ruler after the loss of Ani, governing 24 years as a Seljuk vassal in the Caucasus.
Read article →Abu'l-Aswar Shavur II: Final Shaddadid Ruler of Ani
Abu'l-Aswar Shavur II (1118–1124 CE) was the last Shaddadid Kurdish ruler of Ani before the Georgians took the city. Discover the final Ani chapter of this great Kurdish dynasty.
Read article →Manuchihr ibn Shavur: The Architect of Ani and the Shaddadid Kurdish Dynasty
Manuchihr ibn Shavur (1072–1118 CE) was the longest-reigning Shaddadid Kurdish ruler, builder of the Manuchihr Mosque in Ani — a masterpiece of medieval Kurdish architecture.
Read article →Anushirvan ibn Lashkari: Shaddadid Kurdish Claimant of Ganja
Anushirvan ibn Lashkari (d. c. 1067 CE) was a Shaddadid Kurdish claimant active during the post-Shavur I succession period. Discover his place in Kurdish Caucasus history.
Read article →Fadlun ibn Fadl: Brief Shaddadid Kurdish Ruler of the Succession Crisis
Fadlun ibn Fadl (1073–1075 CE) was a brief Shaddadid Kurdish ruler of Ganja during the turbulent post-Shavur I succession period. Discover his place in Kurdish history.
Read article →Ashot ibn Shavur: Rival Claimant of the Shaddadid Kurdish Dynasty
Ashot ibn Shavur (1068–1069 CE) was a brief rival claimant to Shaddadid Kurdish power in Ganja during the contested post-Shavur I succession.
Read article →Fadl II ibn Shavur I: Shaddadid Kurdish Ruler After the Great Shavur
Fadl II ibn Shavur I (1067–1073 CE) succeeded his father Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I as Shaddadid Kurdish ruler of Ganja during the turbulent post-Manzikert era.
Read article →Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I: The Warrior-King of the Shaddadid Kurdish Dynasty
Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I (1049–1067 CE) was the most celebrated Shaddadid Kurdish ruler, who fought Byzantium and navigated the Seljuk arrival with extraordinary skill. Discover his remarkable story.
Read article →Lashkari II ibn Musa: Shaddadid Kurdish Ruler Before the Great Shavur
Lashkari II ibn Musa (1034–1049 CE) ruled the Shaddadid Kurdish dynasty of Ganja for 15 years before Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I's celebrated reign. Discover his place in Kurdish history.
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